![]() More negative values of base excess may indicate: Another way to say the same thing would be the "base excess is minus 10." The only difference is that base deficit is expressed as a positive number and base excess is expressed as a negative number.Ī "base deficit" of 10 means that 10 mEqu/L (mmol/L) of buffer has been used up to neutralize metabolic acids (like lactic acid). The words "base deficit" and "base excess" are equivalent and are generally used interchangeably. This neutralizing is achieved by using up various "buffering" compounds in the blood stream, to bind the acids, disallowing them from contributing to more acidity.Ībout half of these buffering compounds come from HCO3, and the other half from plasma and red blood cell proteins and phosphates. Whenever there is an accumulation of metabolically produced acids, the body attempts to neutralize those acids to maintain a constant acid–base balance. Respiratory disease can ultimately effect CO2 content, but only slightly and only if prolonged. A small amount (5%) of the CO2 is dissolved in the blood, and in the form of soluble carbonic acid (H2CO3).įor this reason, changes in CO2 content generally reflect such metabolic issues as renal function and unusual losses (diarrhea). Most of this is in the form of bicarbonate (HCO3), controlled by the kidney. Decreased oxygen levels in the inhaled airĬO2 content is a measurement of all the CO2 in the blood.Increased oxygen levels in the inhaled airĭecreased PO2 levels are associated with:.It primarily measures the effectiveness of the lungs in pulling oxygen into the blood stream from the atmosphere. PO2 (partial pressure of oxygen) reflects the amount of oxygen gas dissolved in the blood. In cases of massive pulmonary embolism, the infarcted or non-functioning areas of the lung assume greater significance and the pCO2 may increase.) Pulmonary embolism (This leads to hyperventilation, a more important consideration than the embolized/infarcted areas of the lung that do not function properly.With an acute asthmatic attack, even though the alveoli are functioning normally, there may be enough upper and middle airway obstruction to block alveolar ventilation, leading to CO2 retention.With pulmonary edema, there is an extra layer of fluid in the alveoli that interferes with the lungs' ability to get rid of CO2.The second is the lungs capacity for freely exchanging CO2 across the alveolar membrane: Someone who is holding their breath will retain CO2, leading to increased pCO2 levels.Someone who is hyperventilating will "blow off" more CO2, leading to lower pCO2 levels.The first is how rapidly and deeply the individual is breathing: Two factors each have a significant impact on the pCO2. Indirectly, the pCO2 reflects the exchange of this gas through the lungs to the outside air. PCO2 (partial pressure of carbon dioxide) reflects the the amount of carbon dioxide gas dissolved in the blood. More severe degrees of congestive heart failure.More severe degrees of pulmonary disease.PH is decreased (more acid, lower pH) with: Some degrees of congestive heart failure.PH is elevated (more alkaline, higher pH) with: Lower numbers mean more acidity higher numbers mean more alkalinity. PH is a measurement of the acidity of the blood, reflecting the number of hydrogen ions present. These measurements are often used to evaluate oxygenation of the tissues and pulmonary function. Base excess (the loss of buffer base to neutralize acid).pCO2 (partial pressure of carbon dioxide).ABG (Arterial Blood Gas) Arterial blood gas analysis typically measures:
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